Climate Change
Climate change refers to the long term warming of the Earth and the shifts in weather patterns that come with it. That the planet is warming, and…
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mRNA Vaccines
mRNA vaccines are a new type of vaccine that teaches the body to fight a disease by delivering genetic instructions rather than a weakened or…
DNA Fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting, also called DNA profiling, is a technique that identifies individuals by the unique patterns in their genetic material. Since its…
Human Blood Types
Human blood comes in different types, determined by molecules on the surface of red blood cells. The discovery of blood types made safe blood…
Gravitational Lensing
Gravitational lensing is the bending of light from distant objects by the gravity of massive bodies that lie in between, which can magnify and…
Radioactive Decay
Radioactive decay is the process by which unstable atomic nuclei spontaneously break down, releasing energy and particles and transforming into other…
The Bending of Starlight
The bending of starlight is the deflection of light by gravity, predicted by Einstein's general theory of relativity and confirmed during a solar…
Superconductivity
Superconductivity is a remarkable state in which certain materials, when cooled below a critical temperature, conduct electricity with absolutely no…
The Higgs Boson
The Higgs boson is a fundamental particle whose discovery in 2012 confirmed how other particles acquire mass. Long predicted but famously hard to…
The Neutrino
The neutrino is a tiny, almost massless subatomic particle that barely interacts with anything, streaming through matter, and through us, in…
The Cosmic Microwave Background
The cosmic microwave background is a faint glow of microwave radiation that fills all of space, the leftover heat from the early universe. Its…
Brownian Motion
Brownian motion is the random, jittery movement of tiny particles suspended in a fluid, caused by their constant bombardment by the fluid's…
Exoplanets
Exoplanets are planets that orbit stars other than our Sun. For centuries their existence was only speculation; today thousands have been confirmed,…
The Photoelectric Effect
The photoelectric effect is the release of electrons from a material when light shines on it. Simple to observe yet impossible to explain with older…
Gravitational Waves
Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of space and time, set off by some of the most violent events in the universe. Predicted by Einstein a…
The Coriolis Effect
The Coriolis effect is the apparent deflection of moving objects, such as air and water, when viewed from a rotating frame like the spinning Earth.…
The Doppler Effect
The Doppler effect is the change in the observed frequency of a wave when its source and the observer move relative to each other. It is why the…
The Expansion of the Universe
The universe is expanding: the galaxies are, on average, moving apart, and the space between them is stretching. Once a startling discovery, the…
Newton's Laws of Motion
Newton's laws of motion are three principles, set out by Isaac Newton in 1687, that describe how objects move under the action of forces. For more…
The Circulation of Blood
The circulation of blood is the continuous movement of blood around the body, pumped by the heart through a network of vessels. This understanding,…
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