What Causes the Ice Ages
Throughout its history, the Earth has repeatedly cooled into ice ages, when vast sheets of ice spread across the continents, and warmed again between…
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How the Universe Will End
The ultimate fate of the universe is one of the deepest questions in science. Cosmologists have proposed several very different endings, and which…
What Killed the Dinosaurs
Around sixty six million years ago, the dinosaurs and many other forms of life suddenly vanished in one of the great mass extinctions in Earth's…
The Origin of the Moon
How the Moon came to be is a question that has fascinated and divided scientists for generations. While one explanation is now favoured, important…
The Hard Problem of Consciousness
The hard problem of consciousness is the question of why and how physical processes in the brain give rise to subjective experience, the felt quality…
Free Will
Free will is the question of whether people are truly free to choose their actions, or whether every choice is the inevitable product of prior…
The Anthropic Principle
The anthropic principle concerns the striking observation that the universe appears remarkably fine tuned for the existence of life. Many of the…
The Multiverse
The multiverse is the hypothesis that our universe is only one of many, perhaps even infinitely many, other universes. It is taken seriously by many…
Dark Energy
Dark energy is the name given to an unknown influence that appears to be driving the expansion of the universe to speed up over time. It is thought…
Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics
Quantum mechanics is the most successful physical theory ever devised, predicting the behavior of atoms, light, and subatomic particles with…
Nature versus Nurture
The nature versus nurture debate asks how much of who we are, our intelligence, personality, talents, and behavior, comes from our genes, and how…
The Fermi Paradox
The Fermi paradox is the puzzling contrast between the high apparent likelihood that alien civilizations exist somewhere in our vast galaxy and the…
Are Viruses Alive?
Whether viruses count as living organisms is a question biologists have debated for over a century, and there is still no settled answer. Viruses sit…
Is Pluto a Planet?
Whether Pluto should be called a planet is a question that has divided astronomers and captured the public imagination. Discovered in 1930 and…
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